In the face of a global climate crisis, industries worldwide are under increasing pressure to reduce their carbon footprint, and the shipping industry is no exception. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU) have introduced a multitude of measures, creating a complex landscape that ships must navigate to comply with Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), decarboni

Introduction: The Beginning of 2023 marked the commencement of a new regulatory era for cargo, RoPax, and cruise ships, with a gross tonnage of 5,000 or more, falling within the purview of the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) rating system. This metric quantifies a ship's efficiency in transporting goods or passengers by measuring grams of CO2 emitted per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile. Compliance with these regulations necessitates vessels to report their annual o

Introduction The EU Emissions Trading System, initially established in 2005 to address greenhouse gas emissions, has undergone a transformative expansion. Originally focused on energy-intensive sectors, recent negotiations and agreements have broadened its scope to include the shipping industry. In December 2022, provisional agreement extended the EU ETS to cover shipping. This extension was formally adopted and published in the Official Journal of the European Union on May 1

A one-time additional motor vehicle tax was established within the scope of Article 1 of Law No. 7456, "Law on the Amendment of Certain Laws and Decree Law No. 375 and the Establishment of Additional Motor Vehicle Tax for Compensation of Economic Losses Caused by the Earthquakes Occurring on February 6, 2023," published in the Official Gazette dated July 15, 2023. Because this additional tax is an unusual and one-time additional tax, it violates the law under constitutional t